Sperm Atlas

The Sperm Atlas is a sperm morphology database created and maintained by our Reproductive Sciences team at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research. It highlights a portion of the sperm cells collected from animals at the San Diego Zoo and other organizations.
In February of 2009, the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research’s Reproductive Sciences team decided to create a database to display the diversity of sperm morphology in the animal kingdom. The task was given to ICR’s first High Tech High intern, Michelle Doyle. Using our historical slide inventory, including sperm morphology slides dating back to 1980, Michelle created a database that one day would be available to the public. We call this database the Sperm Atlas.
Michael Figlioli, an intern from High Tech High North County, took over the project in 2010. Together they created a database that highlights a portion of the sperm cells collected by the Reproductive Sciences team over four decades. The cells come from animals at the San Diego Zoo and other organizations. Many are representative samples from sperm that is now frozen and stored in the San Diego Zoo’s Frozen Zoo©.
In 2013, a collaboration was formed between our team and Dr. Michael Berns at the Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, and the Department of Bioengineering/Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, to improve the Sperm Atlas images. Scanning electron photomicro-graphs produced by Dr. Berns and Lih-Huei Law provide a three-dimensional view of sperm cells. The SEM images illustrate cellular structures in great detail and can aid researchers in understanding the role of unique morphological features in the processes of motility and fertilization.
The sperm atlas is maintained by the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library & Archives. We continue to make additions to this atlas as more samples are processed. The measurements are often averages from many measurements taken from several specimens.

Recently Added Sperm

Sperm by Group
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GREAT APES
- Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
- Colobus, Eastern Angolan (Colobus angolensis)
- Drill, Mainland (Mandrillus leucophaeus)
- Guenon, L’Hoest’s (Cercopithecus lhoesti)
- Guenon, Lesser Spot-nosed (Cercopithecus petaurista)
- Guenon, Schmidt’s Spot-nosed (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti)
- Guenon, Wolf (Cercopithecus wolfi)
- Langur, Francois’ (Trachypithecus francoisi)
- Macaque, Lion-tailed (Macaca silenus)
- Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)
- Monkey, Allen’s Swamp (Allenopithecus nigroviridis)
- Monkey, Silvered Leaf (Trachypithecus cristatus cris)
- Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)
NEW WORLD MONKEYS
- Marmoset, Geoffroy’s (Callithrix geoffroyi)
- Marmoset, Pygmy (Cebuella pygmaea)
- Uakari (Cacajao)
- Tamarin, Golden Lion (Leontopithecus rosalia)
LEMURS & LORISES
- Lemur, Ring-tailed (Lemur catta)
- Loris, Bengal Slow (Nycticebus bengalensis)
- Loris, Pygmy Slow (Nycticebus pygmaeus)
- Loris, Sri Lankan Slender (Loris tardigradus)
-
CANIDAE
- Aardwolf, Cape (Proteles cristata cristata)
- Dhole, Chinese (Cuon alpinus lepturus)
- Dog, Domestic (Canis lupus familiaris)
- Dog, New Guinea Singing (Canis hallstromi)
- Fox, Arctic (Vulpes lagophus)
- Fox, Fennec (Vulpes zerda)
- Hyena, Spotted (Crocuta crocuta)
EUPLERIDAE
- Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)
FELIDAE
- Caracal, Turkmenistan (Caracal caracal schmitzi)
- Cat, Black-footed (Felis nigripes)
- Cat, Domestic (Felis catus)
- Cat, Fishing (Prionailurus viverrinus)
- Cat, Siberian Pallas’ (Otocolobus manul manul)
- Cheetah, South African (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus)
- Jaguar (Panthera onca)
- Leopard, Amur (Panthera pardus orientalis)
- Leopard, Clouded (Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa)
- Leopard, North Chinese (Panthera pardus japonensis)
- Leopard, Persian (Panthera pardus saxicolor)
- Lion, Transvaal (Panthera leo krugeri)
- Mountain Lion (Puma concolor)
- Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
- Serval (Leptailurus serval)
- Tiger, Indochinese (Panthera tigris corbetti)
- Tiger, Malayan (Panthera tigris jacksoni)
- Tiger, Sumatran (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
URSIDAE
- Bear, Black (Ursus americanus)
- Bear, Manchurian Brown (Ursus arctos lasiotus)
- Bear, Polar (Ursus maritimus)
- Bear, Spectacled (Andean) (Tremarctos ornatus)
- Bear, Sun (Helarctos malayanus)
- Panda, Giant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
MUSTELIDAE
- Otter, Asian Small Clawed (Amblonyx cinerea)
- Otter, Cape Clawless (Aonyx capensis capensis)
- Otter, European (Lutra lutra)
- Weasel, Long-tailed (Mustela frenata)
PROCYONIDAE
OTHER
- Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
- Hyena, Striped (Hyaena hyaena)
- Linsang, Banded (Prionodon linsang)
- Meerkat, Slender-tailed (Suricata suricatta)
- Mongoose, Dwarf (Helogale parvula)
- Panda, Western Red (Ailurus fulgens fulgens)
- Ratel, Southern (Mellivora capensis capensis)
- Sea Lion, California (Zalophus californianus)
- Skunk, Striped (Mephitis mephitis)
-
BOVIDAE
- Addax (Addax nasomaculatus)
- Anoa, Lowland (Bubalus depressicornis)
- Antelope, Angolan Roan (Hippotragus equinus cottoni)
- Antelope, Royal (Neotragus pygmaeus)
- Antelope, Zambian Sable (Hippotragus niger)
- Banteng, Javan (Bos javanicus javanicus)
- Bharal, Chinese (Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis)
- Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)
- Blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas)
- Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus)
- Buffalo, Cape (Syncerus caffer)
- Dik dik, Cavendish’s (Madoqua kirkii cavendishi)
- Duiker, Black (Cephalophus niger)
- Duiker, Eastern Yellow-backed (Cephalophus silvicultor silvicultor)
- Duiker, Red-flanked (Cephalophus rufilatus)
- Duiker, Southeastern Crowned (Sylvicapra grimmia caffra)
- Eland, Common (Taurotragus oryx)
- Eland, Eastern Giant (Taurotragus derbianus gigas)
- Gaur, Indian (Bos gaurus)
- Gazelle, Addra (Nanger dama)
- Gazelle, Cuviers (Gazella cuvieri)
- Gazelle, Grant’s (Nanger granti)
- Gazelle, Nubian Soemmerring’s (Nanger soemmerringii)
- Gazelle, Slender-horned (Gazella leptoceros)
- Gazelle, Speke’s (Gazella spekei)
- Gazelle, Sudan Red-fronted (Eudorcas rufifrons laevipes)
- Gazelle, Thomson’s (Eudorcas thomsonii)
- Gemsbok (Oryx gazella)
- Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri walleri)
- Goat, Domestic (Capra aegagrus)
- Goral, Central Chinese (Nemorhaedus goral arnouxianus)
- Ibex, Nubian (Capra nubiana)
- Impala, Kenya (Aepyceros melampus)
- Kob, Ugandan (Kobus kob thomasi)
- Kudu, Greater (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)
- Kudu, Lesser (Tragelaphus imerbis)
- Lechwe, Nile (Kobus megaceros)
- Lechwe, Zambesi (Kobus leche)
- Markhor, Turkomen (Capra falconeri)
- Mouflon, Armenian (Ovis orientalis)
- Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
- Nyala, Lowland (Tragelaphus angasii)
- Oryx, Fringe-eared (Oryx beisa callotis)
- Oryx, Scimitar-horned (Oryx dammah)
- Rhebok, Vaal (Pelea capreolus)
- Sheep, Desert Big Horn (Ovis canadensis nelsoni)
- Sheep, Sudan Barbary (Ammotragus lervia)
- Sika, Indochinese (Cervus nippon pseudaxis)
- Sitatunga, East African (Tragelaphus spekii spekii)
- Springbok, South African (Antidorcas marsupialis)
- Steenbok, Southern (Raphicerus campestris)
- Suni, Zulu (Neotragus moschatus zuluensis)
- Tahr, Himalayan (Hemitragus jemlahicus)
- Takin, Sichuan (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)
- Tur, West Caucasian (Capra caucasia)
- Urial, Transcaspian (Ovis vignei arkal)
- Waterbuck, Ellipsen (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)
- Waterbuck, Lake Victoria Defassa (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)
- Wildebeest, Blue (Connochaetes taurinus)
CERVIDAE
- Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii)
- Deer, Barbary Red (Cervus elaphus barbarus)
- Deer, Calamian (Axis calamianensis)
- Deer, California Mule (Odocoileus hemionus)
- Deer, Indian Hog (Axis porcinus porcinus)
- Deer, Pere David (Elaphurus davidianus)
- Deer, Western Tufted (Elaphodus cephalophus)
- Deer, White-lipped (Przewalskium albirostre)
- Deer, White-tail (Odocoileus virginianus)
- Muntjac, North Indian (Muntiacus muntjak)
- Pudu, Southern (Pudu puda)
- Reindeer, Siberian (Rangifer tarandus sibiricus)
- Rusa, Javan (Rusa timorensis)
- Sambar, Malayan (Cervus unicolor equina)
- Thamin, Burmese (Rucervus eldii thamin)
- Wapiti, Bactrian (Cervus elaphus bactrianus)
SUIDAE
- Babirusa, North Sulawesi (Babyrousa celebensis)
- Hog, Red River (Potamochoerus porcus)
- Pig, Bornean Bearded (Sus barbatus barbatus)
- Pig, Pot-bellied (Sus scrofa)
- Pig, Visayan Warty (Sus cebifrons)
- Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus)
OTHER ARTIODACTYLS
- Chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus ravus)
- Deer, Siberian Musk (Moschus moschiferus)
- Giraffe, Masai (Giraffa tippelskirchi)
- Giraffe, Uganda (Rothschild’s) (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi)
- Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
- Hippopotamus, East African River (Hippopotamus amphibius)
- Okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
- Pronghorn, Baja (Antilocapra americana)
PERISSODACTYLS
- Ass, Somali Wild (Equus africanus somalicus)
- Donkey (Equus africanus)
- Horse, Domestic (Equus ferus caballus)
- Horse, Przewalski (Equus ferus przewalskii)
- Kiang, Eastern (Equus kiang holdereri)
- Onager, Persian (Equus hemionus onager)
- Rhinoceros, East African Black (Diceros bicornis)
- Rhinoceros, Great Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis)
- Rhinoceros, Northern White (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)
- Rhinoceros, Southern White (Ceratotherium simum simum)
-
ELEPHANTS
- Elephant, African Bush (Loxodonta africana africana)
RODENTS
- Agouti, Central American (Dasyproctidae punctata)
- Flying Squirrel, Vietnam Giant (Petaurista elegans)
- Mole-rat, Naked (Heterocephalus glaber)
- Mouse (Mus)
- Mouse, Cactus (Peromyscus eremicus)
- Mouse, Cape Pouched (Saccostomus campestris)
- Mouse, Pacific Pocket (Perognathus longimembris)
- Paca, Lowland (Cuniculus paca)
- Porcupine, Cape (Hystrix africaeaustralis)
MARSUPIALS
- Dunnart, Stripe-faced (Sminthopsis macroura)
- Glider, Feather-tailed (Acrobates pygmaeus)
- Kangaroo, Western Grey (Macropus fuliginosus)
- Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
- Opossum, Virginia (Didelphis virginiana) (1)
- Opossum, Virginia (Didelphis virginiana) (2)
- Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
- Tree Kangaroo, Buergers’ (Dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi)
- Wallaby, Parma (Macropus parma)
- Wallaby, Southern Yellow-footed Rock (Petrogale xanthopus)
- Wombat, Southern Hairy-nosed (Lasiorhinus latifrons)
- Woylie (Bettongia ogilbyi)
OTHER MAMMALS
- Aardvark, South African (Orycteropus after)
- Anteater, Giant (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
- Armadillo, Southern Three-banded (Tolypuetes matacus)
- Bat, Rodrigues Fruit (Pteropus rodricensis)
- Dolphin, Bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus)
- Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
- Hedgehog, Four-toed African (Atelerix albiventris)
- Hyrax, African Yellow-spotted (Heterohyrax brucei brucei)
- Hyrax, South African Rock (Procavia capensis capensis)
- Pangolin, White-bellied Tree (Manis tricuspis tricuspis)
- Rabbit, Columbia Basin Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis)
- Rabbit, Domestic (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- Rousette (Fruit Bat), Ruwenzori Long-haired (Rousettus lanosus)
- Sloth, Linnaeus’s Two-toed (Choloepus didactylus)
- Tamandua, Guyanan (Tamandua tetradactyla)
- Tapir, Baird’s (Tapirus bairdii)
- Tenrec, Lesser Hedgehog (Echinops telfairi)
- Whale, Killer (Orca) (Orcinus orca)
- Whale, Short-finned Pilot (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
-
ANSERIFORMES
- Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) (Branta sandvicensis)
- Merganser, Hooded (Lophodytes cucullatus)
- Shoveler, Red (Spatula platelea)
- Smew (Mergus albellus)
CICONIIFORMES
- Stork, Abdim’s (Ciconia abdimii)
- Stork, African Openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus)
- Stork, Milky (Mycteria cinerea)
COLUMBIFORMES
- Dove, Emerald (Chalcophaps indica)
- Dove, Philippine Collared (Streptopelia dusumieri)
- Dove, Tambourine (Turtur tympanistria)
- Olive-Pigeon, African (Columba arquatrix)
- Pigeon, Domestic (Columba livia domestica)
- Pigeon, Papuan Mountain (Gymnophaps albertisii)
- Pigeon, Pink-necked (Treron vernans)
- Wood-dove, Blue-headed (Turtur brehmeri)
GALLIFORMES
- Argus, Malay Great (Argusianus argus argus)
- Chicken, Domestic (Gallus gallus)
- Guineafowl, Reichenow’s Helmeted (Numida meleagris)
- Pheasant, Brown Eared (Crossoptilon mantchirucum)
GRUIFORMES
- Crane, Demoiselle (Anthropoides virgo)
- Crane, Red-crowned (Grus japonensis)
- Crane, Sarus (Grus antigone)
- Crane, Wattled (Bugeranus carunculatus)
PASSERIFORMES
- ‘Alala (Hawaiian Crow) (Corvus hawaiiensis)
- Bird-of-Paradise, Superb (Lophorina superba)
- Canary (Serinus canaria)
- Capuchinbird (Perissocephalus tricolor)
- Cock-of-the-rock, Andean (Rupicola peruvianus)
- Crow, American (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
- Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)
- Finch, Gouldian (Erythrura gouldidae)
- Gonolek, Yellow-crowned (Laniarius barbarus)
- Liocichla, Scarlet-faced (Liocichla ripponi)
- Palila (Loxioides bailleui)
- Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys)
- Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri)
- Raven (Corvus corax)
- Sunbird, Splendid (Cinnyris coccinigastrus)
- Tanager, Turquoise (Tangara mexicana)
- Weaver, White-headed Buffalo (Dinemellia dinemelli)
- Woodswallow, White-breasted (Artamus leucorynchus)
PELECANIFORMES
- Pelican, Dalmatian (Pelecanus crispus)
- Spoonbill, Eurasian (Platalea leucorodia)
- Spoonbill, Roseate (Platalea ajaja)
OTHER BIRDS
- Bee-eater, White-fronted (Merops bullockoides)
- Flamingo, Lesser (Phoeniconaias minor)
- Hornbill, Long-tailed (Tropicranus albocristatus)
- Hummingbird, Allen’s (Selasphorus sasin)
- Penguin, African (Spheniscus demersus)
- Roadrunner, Greater (Geococcyx californianus)
- Tern, Least (Sternula antillarum)
-
AMPHIBIANS
- Bullfrog, African (Pyxicephalus adspersus)
- Frog, Bornean Eared (Polypedates otilophus)
- Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged (Rana muscosa)
- Frog, Panamanian Golden (Atelopus zeteki)
- Newt, Kaiser (Neurergus kaiseri)
- Salamander, Chinese Giant (Andrias davidlanus)
- Toad, American (Anaxyrus americanus)
- Toad, California (Anaxyrus boreas halophilus)
- Toad, Oriental Fire-bellied (Bombina orientalis)
- Toad, Southern Rocky Mountain Boreal (Anaxyrus boreas boreas)
- Tree Frog, Amazon Milky (Trachycephalus resinifictrix)
- Tree Frog, Magnificent (Ranoidea splendida)
- Tree Frog, Peron’s (Litoria peronii)
- Tree Frog, Rabbs’ Fringe-limbed (Ecnomiohyla rabborum)
LIZARDS
- Anole, Green (Anolis carolinensis)
- Chameleon, Oustalet’s (Furcifer oustaleti)
- Chameleon, Veiled (Chamaeleo calyptratus)
- Gecko, Satanic Leaf-tailed (Uroplatus phantasticus)
- Gecko, Southern Leaf-tailed (Uroplatus sikorae sameiti)
- Iguana, Anegada Ground (Cyclura pinguis)
- Iguana, Black Spiny-tailed (Ctenosaura similis)
- Iguana, Fiji Island Banded (Brachylophus fasciatus)
- Iguana, Grand Cayman Blue (Cyclura lewisi)
- Iguana, Green (Iguana iguana)
- Iguana, Jamaican (Cyclura collei)
- Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)
- Lizard, Crocodile (Shinisaurus crocodilurus)
- Lizard, Island Night (Xantusia riversiana)
- Lizard, Mexican Beaded (Heloderma horridum)
- Lizard, Spiny-headed Tree (Plica plica)
- Monitor, Blue Tree (Varanus macraei)
- Monitor, Green Tree (Varanus prasinus)
- Monitor, Rough-necked (Varanus rudicollis)
- Monitor, White-throated (Varanus albigularis)
- Skink, Prehensile-tail (Corucia zebrata)
- Tegu, Argentine Black and White (Tupinambis merianae)
- Whip-tail, Orange-throated (Aspidoscelis hyperthyrus)
SNAKES
- Adder, Ethiopian Mountain (Bitis parviocula)
- Bushmaster, South American (Lachesis muta muta)
- Coachwhip, Red (Masticophis flagellum piceus)
- Cobra, Red Spitting (Naja pallida)
- Cobra, Samar (Naja naja samarensis)
- Cobra, Sri Lankan Spectacled (Naja naja)
- Copperhead, Trans-Pecos (Agkistrodon contortix)
- Mamba, Western African Green (Dendroaspis viridis)
- Milksnake, Black (Lampropeltis triangulum)
- Pit Viper, Guatamalan (Bothriechis aurifer)
- Pit Viper, Caatinga Lance-headed (Bothrops erythromelas)
- Pit Viper, Mang Mountain (Trimeresurus mangshanensis)
- Python, Black-headed (Aspidites melanocephalus)
- Python, Burmese (Python molurus bivittatus)
- Python, Green Tree (Morelia viridis)
- Python, Indian (Python molurus)
- Python, Scrub (Morelia amethistina)
- Racer, Argentine (Philodryas baroni)
- Rattlesnake, Blacktail (Crotalus molossus)
- Rattlesnake, Mexican Lancehead (Crotalus polystictus)
- Rattlesnake, Mojave (Crotalus scutulatus)
- Rattlesnake, Red Diamond (Crotalus ruber)
- Rattlesnake, Southern Pacific (Crotalus oreganus)
- Rattlesnake, Southwestern Speckled (Crotalus pyrrhus)
- Rattlesnake, Tamaulipan Rock (Crotalus lepidus)
- Rattlesnake, Timber (Crotalus horridus)
- Snake, African House (Lamprophis fuliginosus)
- Snake, Oriental Whip (Ahaetulla prasina)
- Snake, Red-headed Rat (Elaphe moellendorffi)
- Snake, San Diego Gopher (Pituophis catenifer annectens)
- Snake, Tentacled (Erpeton tentacultaum)
- Snake, Two-striped Garter (Thamnophis hammondii)
- Woma (Aspidites ramsayi)
TURTLES & TORTOISES
- Matamata (Chelus fimbriata)
- Tortoise, Asian Brown (Manouria emys emys)
- Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii)
- Turtle, Black-breasted Leaf (Geoemyda spengleri)
- Turtle, Bourrett’s Box (Cuora bourreti)
- Turtle, Chinese Three-striped Box (Cuora trifasciata)
- Turtle, Hamilton’s Pond (Geoclemys hamiltonii)
- Turtle, Indochinese Box (Cuora galbinifrons)
- Turtle, Keeled Box (Cuora mouhotii)
- Turtle, Pacific Pond (Actinemys marmorata)
- Turtle, Roti Island Snake-necked (Chelodina mccordi)
- Turtle, West African Mud (Pelusios castaneus)
- Turtle, Yangtze Softshell (Rafetus swinhoei)
- Turtle, Zhou’s Box (Cuora zhoui)
OTHER
- Tuatara, Brother’s Island (Sphenodon guntheri)
-
FISH
- Croaker, Atlantic (Micropogonias undulatus)
- Croaker, White (Genyonemus lineatus)
- Fringehead, Sarcastic (Neoclinus blanchardi)
- Parrotfish, Tricolored (Erythrura tricolor)
- Pilchard (Sardine) (Sardinops sagax)
- Ratfish, Spotted (Hydrolagus colliei) (1)
- Ratfish, Spotted (Hydrolagus colliei) (2)
- Ray, Butterfly (Gymnura)
- Shark, Leopard (Triakis semifasciata)
- Smooth-hound, Grey (Shark) (Mustelus californicus)
- Spadefish, Pacific (Chaetodipterus zonatus)
- Star, Bat (Patiria miniata)
- Wrasse, Rock (Halichoeres semicinctus)
INVERTEBRATES
- Cricket, House (Acheta domestica)
- Cuttlefish, Flamboyant (Metasepia pfefferi)
- Jellyfish, Purple-striped (Chrysaora colorata)
- Oyster, Pacific (Crassostrea gigas)
- Sea Urchin, Atlantic Purple (Strongylocentrotus)
- Sea Urchin, Fragile (Strongylocentrotus fragilis)
- Snail, Turbo (Turbo fluctuosa)
-
- Aardvark, South African (Orycteropus after)
- Aardwolf, Cape (Proteles cristata cristata)
- Addax (Addax nasomaculatus)
- Adder, Ethiopian Mountain (Bitis parviocula)
- Agouti, Central American (Dasyproctidae punctata)
- ‘Alala (Hawaiian Crow) (Corvus hawaiiensis)
- Anoa, Lowland (Bubalus depressicornis)
- Anole, Green (Anolis carolinensis)
- Anteater, Giant (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
- Antelope, Angolan Roan (Hippotragus equinus cottoni)
- Antelope, Royal (Neotragus pygmaeus)
- Antelope, Zambian Sable (Hippotragus niger)
- Argus, Malay Great (Argusianus argus argus)
- Armadillo, Southern Three-banded (Tolypuetes matacus)
- Ass, Somali Wild (Equus africanus somalicus)
- Banteng, Javan (Bos javanicus javanicus)
- Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii)
- Babirusa, North Sulawesi (Babyrousa celebensis)
- Bat, Rodrigues Fruit (Pteropus rodricensis)
- Bear, Black (Ursus americanus)
- Bear, Manchurian Brown (Ursus arctos lasiotus)
- Bear, Polar (Ursus maritimus)
- Bear, Spectacled (Andean) (Tremarctos ornatus)
- Bear, Sun (Helarctos malayanus)
- Bee-eater, White-fronted (Merops bullockoides)
- Bharal, Chinese (Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis)
- Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
- Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)
- Blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas)
- Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus)
- Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
- Buffalo, Cape (Syncerus caffer)
- Bullfrog, African (Pyxicephalus adspersus)
- Bushmaster, South American (Lachesis muta muta)
- Canary (Serinus canaria)
- Capuchinbird (Perissocephalus tricolor)
- Caracal, Turkmenistan (Caracal caracal schmitzi)
- Cat, Black-footed (Felis nigripes)
- Cat, Domestic (Felis catus)
- Cat, Fishing (Prionailurus viverrinus)
- Cat, Siberian Pallas’ (Otocolobus manul manul)
- Chameleon, Oustalet’s (Furcifer oustaleti)
- Chameleon, Veiled (Chamaeleo calyptratus)
- Cheetah, South African (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus)
- Chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus ravus)
- Chicken, Domestic (Gallus gallus)
- Coachwhip, Red (Masticophis flagellum piceus)
- Cobra, Red Spitting (Naja pallida)
- Cobra, Samar (Naja naja samarensis)
- Cobra, Sri Lankan Spectacled (Naja naja)
- Cock-of-the-rock, Andean (Rupicola peruvianus)
- Colobus, Eastern Angolan (Colobus angolensis)
- Copperhead, Trans-Pecos (Agkistrodon contortix)
- Crane, Demoiselle (Anthropoides virgo)
- Crane, Red-crowned (Grus japonensis)
- Crane, Sarus (Grus antigone)
- Crane, Wattled (Bugeranus carunculatus)
- Cricket, House (Acheta domestica)
- Croaker, Atlantic (Micropogonias undulatus)
- Croaker, White (Genyonemus lineatus)
- Crow, American (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
- Deer, Barbary Red (Cervus elaphus barbarus)
- Deer, Calamian (Axis calamianensis)
- Deer, California Mule (Odocoileus hemionus)
- Deer, Indian Hog (Axis porcinus porcinus)
- Deer, Pere David (Elaphurus davidianus)
- Deer, Siberian Musk (Moschus moschiferus)
- Deer, Western Tufted (Elaphodus cephalophus)
- Deer, White-lipped (Przewalskium albirostre)
- Deer, White-tail (Odocoileus virginianus)
- Dhole, Chinese (Cuon alpinus lepturus)
- Dik dik, Cavendish’s (Madoqua kirkii cavendishi)
- Dog, Domestic (Canis lupus familiaris)
- Dog, New Guinea Singing (Canis hallstromi)
- Dolphin, Bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus)
- Donkey (Equus africanus)
- Dove, Emerald (Chalcophaps indica)
- Dove, Philippine Collared (Streptopelia dusumieri)
- Dove, Tambourine (Turtur tympanistria)
- Drill, Mainland (Mandrillus leucophaeus)
- Duiker, Black (Cephalophus niger)
- Duiker, Eastern Yellow-backed (Cephalophus silvicultor silvicultor)
- Duiker, Red-flanked (Cephalophus rufilatus)
- Duiker, Southeastern Crowned (Sylvicapra grimmia caffra)
- Dunnart, Stripe-faced (Sminthopsis macroura)
- Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
- Eland, Common (Taurotragus oryx)
- Eland, Eastern Giant (Taurotragus derbianus gigas)
- Elephant, African Bush (Loxodonta africana africana)
- Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)
- Finch, Gouldian (Erythrura gouldidae)
- Flamingo, Lesser (Phoeniconaias minor)
- Flying Squirrel, Vietnam Giant (Petaurista elegans)
- Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)
- Fox, Arctic (Vulpes lagophus)
- Fox, Fennec (Vulpes zerda)
- Fringehead, Sarcastic (Neoclinus blanchardi)
- Frog, Bornean Eared (Polypedates otilophus)
- Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged (Rana muscosa)
- Gazelle, Addra (Nanger dama)
- Gazelle, Cuviers (Gazella cuvieri)
- Gazelle, Grant’s (Nanger granti)
- Gazelle, Nubian Soemmerring’s (Nanger soemmerringii)
- Gazelle, Slender-horned (Gazella leptoceros)
- Gazelle, Speke’s (Gazella spekei)
- Gazelle, Sudan Red-fronted (Eudorcas rufifrons laevipes)
- Gazelle, Thomson’s (Eudorcas thomsonii)
- Gecko, Satanic Leaf-tailed (Uroplatus phantasticus)
- Gecko, Southern Leaf-tailed (Uroplatus sikorae sameiti)
- Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri walleri)
- Giraffe, Masai (Giraffa tippelskirchi)
- Giraffe, Uganda (Rothschild’s) (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi)
- Glider, Feather-tailed (Acrobates pygmaeus)
- Goat, Domestic (Capra aegagrus)
- Gonolek, Yellow-crowned (Laniarius barbarus)
- Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) (Branta sandvicensis)
- Goral, Central Chinese (Nemorhaedus goral arnouxianus)
- Monitor, Green Tree (Varanus prasinus)
- Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
- Guenon, L’Hoest’s (Cercopithecus lhoesti)
- Guenon, Schmidt’s Spot-nosed (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti)
- Guenon, Wolf (Cercopithecus wolfi)
- Guineafowl, Reichenow’s Helmeted (Numida meleagris)
- Hedgehog, Four-toed African (Atelerix albiventris)
- Hippopotamus, East African River (Hippopotamus amphibius)
- Hog, Red River (Potamochoerus porcus)
- Hornbill, Long-tailed (Tropicranus albocristatus)
- Horse, Domestic (Equus ferus caballus)
- Horse, Przewalski (Equus ferus przewalskii)
- Hummingbird, Allen’s (Selasphorus sasin)
- Hyena, Spotted (Crocuta crocuta)
- Hyena, Striped (Hyaena hyaena)
- Hyrax, African Yellow-spotted (Heterohyrax brucei brucei)
- Hyrax, South African Rock (Procavia capensis capensis)
- Ibex, Nubian (Capra nubiana)
- Iguana, Anegada Ground (Cyclura pinguis)
- Iguana, Black Spiny-tailed (Ctenosaura similis)
- Iguana, Fiji Island Banded (Brachylophus fasciatus)
- Iguana, Grand Cayman Blue (Cyclura lewisi)
- Iguana, Green (Iguana iguana)
- Iguana, Jamaican (Cyclura collei)
- Impala, Kenya (Aepyceros melampus)
- Jaguar (Panthera onca)
- Jellyfish, Purple-striped (Chrysaora colorata)
- Kangaroo, Western Grey (Macropus fuliginosus)
- Kiang, Eastern (Equus kiang holdereri)
- Kinkajou (Potos flavus)
- Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
- Kob, Ugandan (Kobus kob thomasi)
- Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)
- Kudu, Greater (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)
- Kudu, Lesser (Tragelaphus imerbis)
- Langur, Francois’ (Trachypithecus francoisi)
- Lechwe, Nile (Kobus megaceros)
- Lechwe, Zambesi (Kobus leche)
- Lemur, Ring-tailed (Lemur catta)
- Leopard, Amur (Panthera pardus orientalis)
- Leopard, Clouded (Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa)
- Leopard, North Chinese (Panthera pardus japonensis)
- Leopard, Persian (Panthera pardus saxicolor)
- Linsang, Banded (Prionodon linsang)
- Liocichla, Scarlet-faced (Liocichla ripponi)
- Lion, Transvaal (Panthera leo krugeri)
- Lizard, Crocodile (Shinisaurus crocodilurus)
- Lizard, Island Night (Xantusia riversiana)
- Lizard, Mexican Beaded (Heloderma horridum)
- Lizard, Spiny-headed Tree (Plica plica)
- Loris, Bengal Slow (Nycticebus bengalensis)
- Loris, Pygmy Slow (Nycticebus pygmaeus)
- Loris, Sri Lankan Slender (Loris tardigradus)
- Macaque, Lion-tailed (Macaca silenus)
- Mamba, Western African Green (Dendroaspis viridis)
- Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)
- Markhor, Turkomen (Capra falconeri)
- Marmoset, Geoffroy’s (Callithrix geoffroyi)
- Marmoset, Pygmy (Cebuella pygmaea)
- Matamata (Chelus fimbriata)
- Merganser, Hooded (Lophodytes cucullatus)
- Milksnake, Black (Lampropeltis triangulum)
- Mole-rat, Naked (Heterocephalus glaber)
- Mongoose, Dwarf (Helogale parvula)
- Monitor, Blue Tree (Varanus macraei)
- Monitor, Rough-necked (Varanus rudicollis)
- Monitor, White-throated (Varanus albigularis)
- Monkey, Allen’s Swamp (Allenopithecus nigroviridis)
- Monkey, Silvered Leaf (Trachypithecus cristatus cris)
- Mouflon, Armenian (Ovis orientalis)
- Mountain Lion (Puma concolor)
- Mouse, Cactus (Peromyscus eremicus)
- Mouse, Cape Pouched (Saccostomus campestris)
- Mouse, Pacific Pocket (Perognathus longimembris)
- Mouse (Mus)
- Muntjac, North Indian (Muntiacus muntjak)
- Newt, Kaiser (Neurergus kaiseri)
- Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
- Nyala, Lowland (Tragelaphus angasii)
- Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
- Okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
- Olive-Pigeon, African (Columba arquatrix)
- Onager, Persian (Equus hemionus onager)
- Opossum, Virginia (Didelphis virginiana)
- Oryx, Fringe-eared (Oryx beisa callotis)
- Oryx, Scimitar-horned (Oryx dammah)
- Otter, Asian Small Clawed (Amblonyx cinerea)
- Otter, Cape Clawless (Aonyx capensis capensis)
- Otter, European (Lutra lutra)
- Oyster, Pacific (Crassostrea gigas)
- Paca, Lowland (Cuniculus paca)
- Palila (Loxioides bailleui)
- Pangolin, White-bellied Tree (Manis tricuspis tricuspis)
- Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys)
- Parrotfish, Tricolored (Erythrura tricolor)
- Pelican, Dalmatian (Pelecanus crispus)
- Penguin, African (Spheniscus demersus)
- Pheasant, Brown Eared (Crossoptilon mantchirucum)
- Pig, Bornean Bearded (Sus barbatus barbatus)
- Pig, Pot-bellied (Sus scrofa)
- Pig, Visayan Warty (Sus cebifrons)
- Pigeon, Domestic (Columba livia domestica)
- Pigeon, Papuan Mountain (Gymnophaps albertisii)
- Pigeon, Pink-necked (Treron vernans)
- Pilchard (Sardine) (Sardinops sagax)
- Pit Viper, Caatinga Lance-headed (Bothrops erythromelas)
- Pit Viper, Guatamalan (Bothriechis aurifer)
- Pit Viper, Mang Mountain (Trimeresurus mangshanensis)
- Porcupine, Cape (Hystrix africaeaustralis)
- Pronghorn, Baja (Antilocapra americana)
- Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri)
- Pudu, Southern (Pudu puda)
- Python, Black-headed (Aspidites melanocephalus)
- Python, Burmese (Python molurus bivittatus)
- Python, Green Tree (Morelia viridis)
- Python, Indian (Python molurus)
- Python, Scrub (Morelia amethistina)
- Rabbit, Columbia Basin Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis)
- Rabbit, Domestic (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
- Racer, Argentine (Philodryas baroni)
- Ratel, Southern (Mellivora capensis capensis)
- Snake, Red-headed Rat (Elaphe moellendorffi)
- Ratfish, Spotted (Hydrolagus colliei) (1)
- Ratfish, Spotted (Hydrolagus colliei) (2)
- Rattlesnake, Blacktail (Crotalus molossus)
- Rattlesnake, Mexican Lancehead (Crotalus polystictus)
- Rattlesnake, Mojave (Crotalus scutulatus)
- Rattlesnake, Red Diamond (Crotalus ruber)
- Rattlesnake, Southern Pacific (Crotalus oreganus)
- Rattlesnake, Southwestern Speckled (Crotalus pyrrhus)
- Rattlesnake, Tamaulipan Rock (Crotalus lepidus)
- Rattlesnake, Timber (Crotalus horridus)
- Raven (Corvus corax)
- Ray, Butterfly (Gymnura)
- Reindeer, Siberian (Rangifer tarandus sibiricus)
- Rhebok, Vaal (Pelea capreolus)
- Rhinoceros, East African Black (Diceros bicornis)
- Rhinoceros, Great Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis)
- Rhinoceros, Northern White (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)
- Rhinoceros, Southern White (Ceratotherium simum simum)
- Roadrunner, Greater (Geococcyx californianus)
- Rousette (Fruit Bat), Ruwenzori Long-haired (Rousettus lanosus)
- Rusa, Javan (Rusa timorensis)
- Salamander, Chinese Giant (Andrias davidlanus)
- Sambar, Malayan (Cervus unicolor equina)
- Sea Urchin, Atlantic Purple (Strongylocentrotus)
- Sea Lion, California (Zalophus californianus)
- Sea Urchin, Fragile (Strongylocentrotus fragilis)
- Serval (Leptailurus serval)
- Shark, Leopard (Triakis semifasciata)
- Sheep, Desert Big Horn (Ovis canadensis nelsoni)
- Sheep, Sudan Barbary (Ammotragus lervia)
- Shoveler, Red (Spatula platelea)
- Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)
- Sika, Indochinese (Cervus nippon pseudaxis)
- Sitatunga, East African (Tragelaphus spekii spekii)
- Skink, Prehensile-tail (Corucia zebrata)
- Skunk, Striped (Mephitis mephitis)
- Sloth, Linnaeus’s Two-toed (Choloepus didactylus)
- Smew (Mergus albellus)
- Smooth-hound, Grey (Shark) (Mustelus californicus)
- Snail, Turbo (Turbo fluctuosa)
- Snake, African House (Lamprophis fuliginosus)
- Snake, Oriental Whip (Ahaetulla prasina)
- Snake, San Diego Gopher (Pituophis catenifer annectens)
- Snake, Tentacled (Erpeton tentacultaum)
- Snake, Two-striped Garter (Thamnophis hammondii)
- Spadefish, Pacific (Chaetodipterus zonatus)
- Spoonbill, Eurasian (Platalea leucorodia)
- Spoonbill, Roseate (Platalea ajaja)
- Springbok, South African (Antidorcas marsupialis)
- Star, Bat (Patiria miniata)
- Steenbok, Southern (Raphicerus campestris)
- Stork, Abdim’s (Ciconia abdimii)
- Stork, African Openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus)
- Stork, Milky (Mycteria cinerea)
- Sunbird, Splendid (Cinnyris coccinigastrus)
- Suni, Zulu (Neotragus moschatus zuluensis)
- Tahr, Himalayan (Hemitragus jemlahicus)
- Tapir, Baird’s (Tapirus bairdii)
- Takin, Sichuan (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)
- Tamandua, Guyanan (Tamandua tetradactyla)
- Tamarin, Golden Lion (Leontopithecus rosalia)
- Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
- Tegu, Argentine Black and White (Tupinambis merianae)
- Tenrec, Lesser Hedgehog (Echinops telfairi)
- Tern, Least (Sternula antillarum)
- Thamin, Burmese (Rucervus eldii thamin)
- Tiger, Indochinese (Panthera tigris corbetti)
- Tiger, Malayan (Panthera tigris jacksoni)
- Tiger, Sumatran (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
- Toad, California (Anaxyrus boreas halophilus)
- Toad, Oriental Fire-bellied (Bombina orientalis)
- Toad, Southern Rocky Mountain Boreal (Anaxyrus boreas boreas)
- Tortoise, Asian Brown (Manouria emys emys)
- Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii)
- Tree Frog, Magnificent (Ranoidea splendida)
- Tree Frog, Peron’s (Litoria peronii)
- Tree Frog, Rabbs’ Fringe-limbed (Ecnomiohyla rabborum)
- Tree Kangaroo, Buergers’ (Dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi)
- Tuatara, Brother’s Island (Sphenodon guntheri)
- Tur, West Caucasian (Capra caucasia)
- Turtle, Black-breasted Leaf (Geoemyda spengleri)
- Turtle, Bourrett’s Box (Cuora bourreti)
- Turtle, Chinese Three-striped Box (Cuora trifasciata)
- Turtle, Hamilton’s Pond (Geoclemys hamiltonii)
- Turtle, Indochinese Box (Cuora galbinifrons)
- Turtle, Keeled Box (Cuora mouhotii)
- Turtle, Pacific Pond (Actinemys marmorata)
- Turtle, Roti Island Snake-necked (Chelodina mccordi)
- Turtle, West African Mud (Pelusios castaneus)
- Turtle, Yangtze Softshell (Rafetus swinhoei)
- Turtle, Zhou’s Box (Cuora zhoui)
- Urial, Transcaspian (Ovis vignei arkal)
- Wallaby, Parma (Macropus parma)
- Wallaby, Southern Yellow-footed Rock (Petrogale xanthopus)
- Wapiti, Bactrian (Cervus elaphus bactrianus)
- Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus)
- Waterbuck, Ellipsen (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)
- Waterbuck, Lake Victoria Defassa (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)
- Weasel, Long-tailed (Mustela frenata)
- Weaver, White-headed Buffalo (Dinemellia dinemelli)
- Whale, Killer (Orca) (Orcinus orca)
- Whale, Short-finned Pilot (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
- Whip-tail, Orange-throated (Aspidoscelis hyperthyrus)
- Wildebeest, Blue (Connochaetes taurinus)
- Woma (Aspidites ramsayi)
- Wombat, Southern Hairy-nosed (Lasiorhinus latifrons
- Wood-dove, Blue-headed (Turtur brehmeri)
- Woodswallow, White-breasted (Artamus leucorynchus)
- Woylie (Bettongia ogilbyi)
- Wrasse, Rock (Halichoeres semicinctus)

Sperm images: Eastern giant eland (top), Samar cobra (middle), Milky stork (bottom)